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| Talk Medical > Parenting & Pregnancy > Health & Nutrition > Common Illnesses and Conditions |
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Common Illnesses and ConditionsInfants become sick much faster than adults. An otherwise healthy infant, can be perfectly fine when waking in the morning, and be sick before noon. Compounding the difficulty that such quick illness brings are two factors: infants are unable to talk to their caregivers to inform them of what is wrong, and they are rather temperamental - meaning signs of sickness are sometimes simply mistaken for hunger or crankiness. The purpose of this section is to make parents more familiar with the illnesses that are most common in infants. Various illnesses will be discussed in terms of how they can be identified, what causes the illness, how serious it is, and what can be done to relieve or cure it. This section is not meant as a replacement for a doctor. It is merely a diagnostic aid meant to provide support and educate. If the baby is sick, and meets the criteria outlined in the WHEN TO CALL A DOCTOR section, the mother should contact a physician regardless of whether she believes she knows what the problem is. Symptoms relating to the nose, ears, mouth, throat, chest, lungs, eyes, skin, and stomach will be addressed. Prior to this, brief discussions regarding the most common concerns relating to infants - diarrhea, fever, and vomiting - are undertaken. The section will conclude with an instructional on how to take an infants temperature and how to administer medicine to an infant.
Common Illnesses and Medical Problems
AnemiaThe greatest indicator of anemia is pale skin. Anemia is a condition characterized by low levels of red blood cells which tends to make the skin look pale. Infants suffering from anemia may also tire easily and may be physically weak. In severe cases, infants will suffer shortness of breath, swelling of hands and feet, and rapid heart rate. The most common cause of anemia is an iron deficiency. Iron deficiencies can be caused by premature birth, excessive blood loss, or an iron deficient diet. Although anemia is not terribly severe, if it goes untreated it can affect an infant's growth and development. If it is suspected that the baby is iron deficient the mother should contact the baby's doctor so that he can confirm the diagnosis. Never should the mother give the baby supplements such as iron without first consulting with a physician.
AsthmaAsthma is defined as recurrent episodes of difficult breathing, coughing, and wheezing produced by spasms in the chests air passageways. The condition is not usually accompanied by other symptoms and is quite rare in infants, and is more common in older children. There is often no warning that an asthma attack is going to begin; they can come and go very quickly. Asthma is most easily recognized by listening to a child breath. Asthmatic infants and children will tend to make very distinctive wheezy or squeaky sounds when exhaling and/or inhaling. Asthmatic children also cough quite regularly and uncontrollably, particularly at night. Asthmatic coughs sound very wheezy and tight. Mild asthma results in minor breathing difficulty. More severe asthma however, can produce extremely labored breathing. Breathing difficulties can make it rather hard to eat sometimes, particularly from bottle or breast in which suction is required. Asthma can be triggered by numerous things, such as colds and allergens. Any sort of irritant such as smoke or dust can cause an attack. Asthma is not a contagious condition; the viruses that often trigger attacks, such as colds, are. Infants who come from families with a history of allergies, asthma, or hay fever are more likely to suffer from asthma and other respiratory problems. Asthma can, in its worst forms, require hospitalization and intensive care. Various breathing treatments are often necessary. If the baby suffers from asthma but it is not bad enough to inhibit his eating, swallowing or sucking, it is not critical. The mother can monitor the baby's breathing rate to get an indication of whether the baby is having difficulty breathing. It should be remembered that infant rates of respiration are normally higher than that of adults.
BronchiolitisBronchiolitis is an infection of the bronchioles (small air passages in the lungs), slightly resembling a cold. The baby may have a runny, congested nose, cough, and fever. The cough typically gets worse as the infection spreads, which can cause difficulty breathing. The baby may wheeze when he exhales. The baby may also have trouble feeding if he is still suckling from breast or bottle. Bronchiolitis is most common during the winter months. The infection hinders the flow of air through the infant's lungs. It is usually caused by a virus spread through contact with the secretions of an already infected person. Influenza, parainfluenza, measles, adenovirus and others can all cause bronchiolitis. Most cases of the infection are relatively mild and a full recovery can be expected. If the case is severe, and breathing becomes difficult, the baby can develop a bluish complexion around his lips and on his fingertips, indicating a lack of oxygen. If breathing is becoming evermore difficult for the baby, or if he is becoming dehydrated because he is unable to drink because he coughs so much, hospitalization may be required. The mother should wash her hand frequently in order to help prevent the spread of infections to the baby. The cold related symptoms of bronchiolitis can be treated just as a cold would - with a humidifier and perhaps nasal drops. The mother should also encourage the baby to drink as many fluids as possible because labored breathing tends to dehydrate a body.
Cerebral PalsyCerebral palsy can be difficult to diagnose because the symptoms vary greatly due to different types and degrees of disability. Typically, cerebral palsy becomes evident by the age of one year; in other cases it becomes quite obvious with in the first few months of life. The following are warning signs that may be noticeable in infants two months of age or older: - The baby may feel stiff or floppy much of the time - The baby is unable to pick his head up when pulled forward into a sitting position from a laying position - When the mother holds the baby it feels as though he is constantly pushing away from him and arching his back when he is cradled Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormalities in the parts of the brain which control muscle tone and movement. These abnormalities are the result of either malformations or injury during pregnancy, birth, or after. Premature infants tend to have a higher incidence of cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy can be very minimal or it can be quite debilitating. Early diagnosis and intervention can allow the baby to develop to his maximum potential. Children with cerebral palsy often experience seizures, developmental delays, stiff joints, vision problems, dental problems, and hearing loss. If it is suspected that something is wrong with the baby and he meets the criteria of cerebral palsy, the mother should take her concerns to a physician.
ChickenpoxChickenpox, also knows as varicella, is not common among infants. Having said this, it is not impossible for an infant to become infected. The infection will show itself as small, red bumps on the skin. The rash will tend to begin at the center of the infants body and spreads outward to the arms and legs. The blisters are quite itchy and it is likely that the baby will become quite uncomfortable. After a couple of days the blisters will dry and crust-over. New blisters will continue to show for four to five days. A high fever typically accompanies chickenpox, which tends to reach its peak on the third or fourth day of infection. Often, cold-like symptoms such as a runny nose and cough are found with chickenpox. The number of blisters can vary widely. Some infants will experience only a mild outbreak while others may be covered in as many as 500 blisters. Chickenpox is caused by a contagious virus. The virus is particularly strong, infecting over 70% of the people who come into contact with it and are not immune. Typically, symptoms will be seen seven to 21 days after exposure to the virus. Chickenpox is not that serious in most cases. Scarring from opened and scratched blisters is perhaps the most serious side effect. Only in very rare circumstances does chickenpox develop into something that is more severe. Because chickenpox is viral, antibiotics are not effective. There is no cure. Hence, the main goal when suffering from chickenpox is to minimize any feelings of discomfort. Again, Aspirin should not be given because the chances of Reye's syndrome increase. Dressing the baby in loose fitting clothes so that the already itchy blisters on his body are not further irritated will help. The mother should also trim the baby's fingernails and cover his hands with cotton mittens so he is unable to scratch the blisters. The mother must consult with the baby's physician before giving him and pain relievers of antihistamines for the itching. Giving the baby a cool bath every four hours can also help ease the itching and discomfort. Filling the bath water with baking soda can provide added relief. After a bath, covering the baby's blisters in calamine lotion will also help to reduce itching. Blisters can also appear inside an infant's mouth. If this occurs the mother should encourage a very bland diet for the baby, and avoid any acidic or basic foods such as citrus. The mother should contact a physician if the baby seems to be getting more ill, becomes disoriented, inactive, sleepy, or displays trouble breathing.
ColicColic is a type of stomach ache or cramp. Bouts of colic can last up to three hours and may continue for several weeks. Infants who suffer from colic should be rid of the condition by the age of four months. Colicky infants are not ill, but they are in pain and are suffering from discomfort. After a feeding the baby may cry and will pull his knees up to his chest to try and relieve some of the pain. The baby's abdomen may become firm and he may pass gas. Colic occurs in both bottle fed and breastfed infants. Although the cause of colic is largely unknown, some suspected causes include: - poor burping method - too much or too little food - a central nervous system that has not completely developed - swallowing air - something in his diet that the baby cannot tolerate There are a number of steps that the mother can take to ease symptoms of colic and decrease the frequency with which it occurs: - give the baby smaller feedings more often - avoid feeding the baby while he is lying down - burp the baby before, during, and after a feeding - let the baby suck on a soother after feeding so that his digestive tract is stimulated - check the breast or bottle position regularly to make sure that the baby is not swallowing air - do not allow the baby to get excited during feedings - avoid milk products that the baby may be allergic to - place the baby on his stomach when he is experiencing colic or gently rub his abdomen - rub the baby's back to comfort and encourage him to pass gas - place a warm cloth on his abdomen or give him a warm tub bath - take the baby for a car ride or a walk in a stroller - motion may help soothe him
ConstipationThe baby is probably suffering from constipation if he: - appears to have abdominal pain that is relieved after a substantive bowel movement - has stools that contain streaks of blood - shows difficulty passing dry, hard stools - suddenly has less frequent bowel movements Constipation can have a number of different sources, and it is often difficult to tell which one is the true cause in each case. Essentially, when a bowel movement is suppressed, the retained fecal matter becomes harder as more and more moisture is absorbed from it. When the bowel movement does pass, this hardened state can make the process much more painful and damaging. Generally speaking, most infant constipation is mild, and is resolved with in a short period. The greatest source of constipation in infants is dietary change. If constipation has been the result of dietary change, it should resolve itself in a short period. It is also not uncommon for breastfed infants to normally go five to seven days with out a bowel movement. Encouraging plenty of fluid consumption and high fiber foods (if the baby is on solid foods) can help to resolve constipation. Under no circumstances should the mother give the baby laxatives, enemas, or any medication without first consulting with the baby's doctor. If relief does not come naturally and the fluid consumption and high-fiber foods have not helped, the mother should seek medical advice.
CoughingCoughs vary greatly. Their severity and seriousness depend largely on the cause and which part of the respiratory tract is affected. Different coughs will result with irritation in different areas. For instance, a dry raspy cough may be an irritation in the trachea, and a barking, croup-like cough may be an irritation closer to the vocal cords. Coughing is typically caused by an irritant in the air passages of the lungs. Most often, infant coughing is the result of an upper respiratory tract infection. Airborne irritants such as smoke, pollution and fumes, can also initiate coughing.
Cradle Cap and EczemaCradle cap and eczema are types of atopic dermatitis. Atopic dermatitis can be identified by red, oozing blisters or scaly, brown skin. Eczema: This type of atopic dermatitis occurs in less than 5% of the population and typically runs in families. Cradle Cap: Cradle cap will appear as yellow, pink or brown, thickened greasy areas of skin, most often on the scalp. Patches of atopic dermatitis tend to be very itchy. It most commonly appears on the face, scalp, and ears of infants. It seems to affect people in families who are prone to allergies and/or asthma. It has also been shown that atopic dermatitis has an allergy basis, meaning that certain foods can aggravate the condition. Most atopic dermatitis is a temporary condition and will no longer affect the baby by the time he is two. Severe cases of eczema and cradle cap can arise and can be mitigated. Eczema can stay with someone their entire lives.
CroupCroup has a very distinctive cough - many describe it as barking, or a seal-like sound. The cough is dry, tight, and harsh. It may also result in labored breathing and harsh wheezing when inhaling. The baby's upper respiratory tract will suffer great discomfort - it will feel tight to him. Croup is caused by a viral infection that affects the vocal cord area. Croup may be accompanied by a runny nose. Like colds and other respiratory ailments, croup is contracted through direct contact with the respiratory secretions of an infected person or droplets in the air which are inhaled. Croup is contagious. The bark of croup is much worse than the bite. The violent coughing makes croup seem much more serious than it truly is. In most cases coughing gets better very quickly, but difficulty breathing can persist. If coughing and/or labored breathing are persistent, medical help should be sought. On average croup lasts six days, and is accompanied by sleepless nights. Nighttime and a reclined position tend to bring on croup coughs which can make sleeping very difficult. Again, as with most respiratory problems, moist air from a humidifier or vaporizer can help. The mother can also turn the hot water in her shower on and sit with the baby in the bathroom for 20 minutes, allowing him to inhale the moist air. Smoke and other airborne irritants should be avoided as they can aggravate coughing. The mother can also help by encouraging the baby to drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. Cough medication does not help croup. If the baby is coughing so violently that he is unable to breath and is turning blue, the mother must call 911. Also, if the baby develops a fever, becomes relatively inactive, or drools excessively and cannot swallow, the mother should seek medical help.
Diaper RashInfants will develop diaper rash occasionally, almost without exception. A diaper rash caused by diaper irritation is not as severe as diaper rash caused by a yeast infection. A bright red rash is the best indication of diaper rash. The condition is a result of the skins frequent contact with moisture inside diapers. Yeast found naturally on the skin thrives in a warm moist environment such as a diaper. Infants will vary in their sensitivity to diaper irritation, meaning some infants will be more susceptible to diaper rashes and may get them frequently. The greatest step that the mother can take in preventing diaper rash is minimizing the amount of time that the baby is in contact with wet diapers. It is also helpful to thoroughly wash and dry the diapered area at each diaper change. Some infants may be more susceptible to diaper rash wearing a disposable of reusable diaper. Thus, if the baby seems prone to diaper rash, the mother may want to try switching diapers to see if that lessens the frequency of rashes. Infants may be sensitive to various detergents or materials used in diapers, so trying various kinds may be advantageous. Covering the baby's diapered area in zinc ointment can provide a type of moisture barrier that can help prevent diaper rash. Some parents chose to use talcum powder to absorb extra moisture in the diaper. If talcum powder is used, be sure to apply it by hand. Talcum powder that is shaken can find its way into the air, and then into the baby's lungs, which can be harmful. The mother should contact a physician if a rash persists and the redness is severe. If a yeast rash has occurred the doctor will likely want to recommend an antifungal cream.
DiarrheaIf the baby's stools are coming with increased frequency and have a watery consistency, he likely has diarrhea. Consistency is not however the best indicator of diarrhea. Babies can have quite irregular consistency in their stools, and still be normal. Frequency of bowel movements is the better indicator. Between five and seven stools each day is considered too frequent for most infants; but again, this will depend on what is normal for the baby as each infant will differ. With diarrhea, dehydration is the greatest concern, particularly if the diarrhea has been accompanied by vomiting. Infants have a much smaller reserve of fluids and thus dehydrate at a much quicker rate. The most common cause of diarrhea is a viral infection (known as gastroenteritis). Bacteria and parasites can also cause infant diarrhea. If stool contains some blood, it is likely that the cause of diarrhea is either bacteria or parasites which are irritating intestinal lining. Diarrhea may also be traced to allergies to some foods, the introduction of a new food, or antibiotics. All of these sources should be considered as possible causes. If the baby does have diarrhea, the best preventative measure that can be taken is hydration. The mother should offer the baby liquids that are easily absorbed such as water or specially designed pediatric drinks that replace fluids lost in stool. Fruit juices and carbonated beverages should be avoided because they are void of the proper amount of electrolytes that are needed to hydrate. If the baby shows signs of dehydration such as dry mouth, no urination, or lack of tears when crying, a physician should be contacted immediately. Medical help should also be sought if the baby passes stool with blood; has one diarrheal stool per hour for at least eight consecutive hours; is less active and alert; is unable to keep any liquids down; or has a fever and other indicators of illness.
Ear InfectionsEar infections are the result of bacterial infections in the middle ear (the area just behind the eardrum). Ear infections are the number one reason infants visit doctors. 75% of all infants will experience at least one ear infection. For most ear infections, colds are a precursor. Ear infections can be difficult to recognize in infants as the signs are non-specific. The baby will likely be irritable, cry uncontrollably, lose his appetite, and have difficulty sleeping. The baby will probably develop a fever and leakage from the ear may be noticeable. More acute infections tend to develop very rapidly and are accompanied by high fever and considerable pain which will leave the baby crying and fussing. The most common cause of ear infections is colds. The congestion created by colds can block the Eustachian tube which impairs ventilation to the ear. Negative pressure builds and the middle ear fills with fluid, providing an ideal environment for the growth of bacteria. Colds can occur without leading to an ear infection. The baby's environment is also a factor in whether he contracts an ear infection or not. If the baby is around other children or in the presence of smokers, he is more likely to get an ear infection. Infant allergies can also make the baby more prone to getting ear infections. Early detection and treatment of infant ear infections will usually stop infections before they become chronic or acute. Untreated, ear infections can lead to hearing loss. This is only in severe cases however. Antibiotics are recommended for all ear infections; ensuring that the baby takes his medication is the best thing the mother can do to help. A physician should be contacted if the baby's condition does not get better after having been on antibiotics for 24 hours.
FeverAs with adults, normal body temperatures in infants vary widely. Infant body temperatures tend to fluctuate up and down one degree during the day. Temperature will tend to be lowest in the morning and highest in the late afternoon. Infant body temperature will also vary according to the clothing that they are wearing at the time that temperature is taken. The normal ranges for infant body temperature are: Rectal Temperature: 98 to 100 F
Rectal Temperature: above 100. 6 F Generally speaking, any temperatures over 101 F should be carefully monitored. If the baby's temperature rises above 104 F the mother should seek medical help. Fevers themselves are not particularly harmful. Rather, the danger of fevers lays in the infection that causes them. Fevers are a sign that a body is fighting off an infection or illness; thus, the mother should look for other symptoms that indicate the baby is sick. If, however, a child that is two months old or younger experiences a fever, a doctor should be contacted immediately. If the baby is experiencing a fever, there are a number of steps that the mother can take to help remedy the situation and ease any discomfort that the baby is feeling. These include: - Dressing the baby minimally to help his body cool down - Providing the baby with more opportunities to sleep and rest in quiet until the fever breaks - Encourage fluid intake and allow the baby to decide independently how much to eat - Bath the baby in warm water to help him relax and feel better - If the baby seems pained or uncomfortable, the mother can give him acetaminophen in the recommended infant dosage. *Do not, however, give the baby Aspirin. It has been linked to Reye 's syndrome which can lead to serious complications if the baby is experiencing the fever due to viral infection. If the baby has been suffering from a fever and displays any of the following characteristics then a doctor should be contacted immediately: - looks and acts very ill - acetaminophen does not seem to help - If the baby is less than three months old and has developed a temperature over 101 F - The baby has a throat that is so sore he cannot swallow his own saliva - A purple rash has developed on his body - Signs of labored or rapid breathing appear - Has a fever above 104 F no matter what age - Is lethargic and hard to awaken - Has sunken eyes - Is crying inconsolably and cannot be calmed - Fever has lasted more than 72 hours - Fever broke but has returned
Fifth DiseaseIf the baby develops bright-red, warm, raised areas of skin on both cheeks, he may have fifth disease. A similar rash will appear on the baby's arms, legs, buttocks, and torso, over the next few days. The rash may be accompanied by cold-like symptoms, but a fever should not develop. Fifth disease is caused by the parvovirus. It is contagious and is easily confused with other rashes and skin conditions. The condition typically lasts between five and 10 days, and may disappear and reappear for up to three weeks. There is no treatment for the disease. All that can be done is symptomatic relief. Acetaminophen can be administered to combat fevers or general discomfort. In most cases the rash does not need any treatment.
Food AllergiesThe list of possible food allergies is as long as the list of reactions to them. The most common allergies will cause skin rashes, nausea, and/or hay fever like effects. Allergies should be suspected if these symptoms are present without the presence of other symptoms that signal similar conditions such as a cold, or viral infections. The baby may have a runny nose - with a clear discharge - and his eyes may be watery, sore, red, and itchy. Allergic reactions occur when the body's natural defense system incorrectly identifies a harmless substance as harmful, causing the body to overreact, resulting in the symptoms of allergies. It can be difficult to identify which food or ingredient is responsible for the allergy. When food allergies do arise, the mother can start keeping a log of everything the baby eats recording when allergic reactions occur. This will help the mother identify what food is responsible. The most common food allergies in infants include cow's milk, peanuts, soy, fish, shellfish, wheat and peas. Food allergies can be serious - some may be lethal. Allergies can be acute and chronic. Some allergies can be controlled through medication, while others cannot. It is important that once allergies have been identified, treatment begins early and is done diligently. Prevention is very important. The mother must carefully monitor what the baby eats in order to prevent allergic reactions. If the baby suffers an allergic reaction that is not life threatening, the mother can bathe the baby with a mild soap and use a non-scented, non-dyed lotion to help reduce itching and soreness. Frequent bathing should be avoided, as it robs skin of its natural moisturizers. If the baby suffers an allergic reaction and develops any of the following symptoms, a physician should be called immediately: - difficulty breathing - rash becomes infected - treatments do not seem to be helping - symptoms persist for more than usual
Foreskin ProblemsThe foreskin on uncircumcised boys may seem a little tight. Attempting to pull it back over the head of the penis may be impossible. The mother should not try to force or stretch the foreskin over the head of the penis, as this can cause tears in the foreskin and scarring. If infections are recurrent because the foreskin is too tight, circumcision may be a consideration.
Heat RashHeat rash is identified as small, pink bumps that cover the back and chest. Heat rash typically occurs in hot, humid weather, and is the result of blocked sweat glands. Heat rash can also develop when an infant has a fever or is overdressed. The condition is not serious and will disappear when the cause of the rash is removed. If the baby is suffering from heat rash, the best thing the mother can do is allow his skin to cool and air dry. A warm bath can also help ease the rash. Keeping air circulated in a warm home will also help. The mother should try to dress the baby in as few clothes as possible, so that he does not overheat.
Impetigo Impetigo appears as a yellowish, crusty infection. It most commonly appears around the mouth and nose, but can occur anywhere on the body. Impetigo develops rapidly, beginning with one small red bump which quickly expands to pimpled blisters with crusted tops. Once impetigo has developed on one area of the body, it tends to spread rapidly to others. The pimples will usually ooze puss. Impetigo is not terribly dangerous. Side effects and complications are rare. The biggest concern surrounding the disease is its further spread. After being on antibiotics for 24 hours, a child with impetigo should no longer be contagious. If the baby contracts impetigo, the mother's best line of action is to ensure that it does not spread to other parts of his body. Preventing the baby from scratching the infected area will help to minimize the potential for spread. The mother should also wash her hands frequently after handling the baby to ensure that the infection is not spread. Gently scrubbing with an antibacterial soap or applying an antibacterial cream to the affected areas of the baby's skin will help fight infection and prevent spread. Once the infected area has been treated, it should take only a week for it to heal. Impetigo scabs can often be quite thick. If this is the case, the mother should let them soak in and soften with a cloth or in a bath, and then gently remove them. Scarring is unusual with impetigo, as long as the infected areas are treated well and maintained. If the line of treatment outlined above does not seem to work and the infection is spreading further, the mother should seek medical help for the baby. Oral antibiotics may be necessary.
InfluenzaInfluenza (the flu) is a viral infection that is most common among infants during the fall and winter months. Some of the more common symptoms include: - chills - dry cough - fever - muscle ache - general fatigue Influenza - of which there are types A, B, and C - is caused by a respiratory virus. Types A and B are the most common and all have various and different strains from year to year. Influenza is not that serious. The baby will likely feel much worse than he does when he has a cold, but it should not be anymore harmful to him. The greatest health concern that influenza carries is the possibility that it will lead to ear infections and pneumonia - both of which require medical attention. Because influenza is a viral infection, antibiotics are futile. All the mother can do for the baby is attempt to treat the symptoms. The mother should encourage fluid consumption and rest. If the baby is given a pain reliever, the mother must avoid Aspirin, and use an acetaminophen based pain reliever such as Tylenol. Influenza typically lasts a week. It is spread via person to person contact. The mother can help prevent the baby from contracting the flu by washing her hands regularly and keeping him away from infected persons. Medical help is really necessary only if symptoms such as fever persist, or the baby's condition seems to worsen.
Insect Stings and BitesInsect stings and bites are easily identified on an infant's body. They will appear as swollen, red marks, much like on an adult's body. The one difference is that some infants may react much more violently to the bites. Even small mosquito bites can some times cause alarming swelling in infants. Most insect bites are not all that serious. Swelling and discoloration at the bite area, accompanied by some mild pain and itching is to be expected. Some insect bites/stings, such as those from bees, can be more serious, particularly if there is multiple stings, or if they occur inside the mouth. The mother should be concerned if the baby begins to react as though he is ill after a sting/bite. The mother must be sure to properly cover the baby when going outside to minimize the chance that he is bit. Infants under the age of one year should not have insect repellant used on them. The levels of DEET found in many chemical based repellants can be toxic. Other measures that the mother can take to minimize the chances of the baby being bitten or stung include: - avoid areas and times of day, such as dusk, in which insects are more prevalent - avoid using strong scented soaps, lotions, or deodorants on the baby or anyone how may hold him - when having a picnic, be sure to cover all food, and promptly throw away all garbage - cover all garbage cans tightly so that insects are not attracted - avoid pools of static water, which are ideal breeding grounds for many insects If the baby has been stung by a bee, the mother must carefully remove the stinger by scraping it with tweezers. The stinger should not be removed by pinching the area. Applying ice to reduce swelling and calamine lotion to relieve itching is recommended. The mother should always consult with the baby's physician before giving him an antihistamine. If after having been bit/stung, the baby begins to vomit, shows signs of difficulty breathing, has unusually large amounts of swelling, or seems dizzy, medical help must be sought.
Measles (Rubeola)Measles are rare in North America due to the large immunization rate of infants. Outbreaks do occur, however, and knowing what to look for is essential. After being exposed to measles, it will typically take the baby one to two weeks to develop any telltale symptoms. The first symptoms will appear as a cold - the baby will suffer a runny nose, cough, fever, and perhaps pinkeye. The fever will likely be quite high, perhaps 103 F. After the development of the fever, a rash will begin to appear. Typically the rash will show between two to four days after illness. The rash tends to develop on the face and quickly moves down the body. The rash should last a week and is composed of small, red bumps that develop into larger splotches. Measles is a viral infection that most infants are vaccinated for. The virus is transmitted via airborne droplets which come from an infected person. Most infants fully recover from the measles with few or no side effects what so ever. The most worrisome side effect is the development of bacterial infections after measles has disappeared - pneumonia being the most common. For this reason, it is advisable that the mother keep the baby home for a while after measles have ended to encourage rest and avoid infections. If it is suspected that the baby has measles, a physician will need to be contacted so that it can be confirmed through testing. Because it is a viral infection, antibiotics are useless. The mother can only encourage rest and fluids, and provide acetaminophen when needed. The baby may also be sensitive to bright lights, so ensuring that he is not placed near strong lighting is important.
MeningitisMeningitis occurs when the fluid surrounding the brain and spine becomes infected. The following is a list of associated symptoms. If any are found, immediate medical attention must be sought: - fever - drowsiness - irritability - little or no appetite - rash Bacterial meningitis is caused by bacteria which enters the blood stream. Other forms of meningitis can be caused by viruses, parasites, and fungi. Meningitis can be deadly. Early detection and treatment is vital if the infection is to be beaten. When diagnosed and treated quickly, 70% of children make a full recovery. Often hearing loss is a permanent side effect of the infection. Seizures and developmental problems later in life can also exist. If the mother suspects that the baby has meningitis, she must seek immediate medical attention. If the physician agrees that meningitis may be a possibility, the mother should consent immediately to the necessary testing.
Pinkeye (Eye Infection)The first indication of pinkeye is redness in both eyes and eyelids. Pinkeye also has a tendency to cause mucus to build up in the eye, ranging from a watery white fluid, to a thick yellow. Excessive blinking and discomfort in the presence of bright lights also indicate pinkeye. The mucus can be a defining factor in diagnosing pinkeye because infants can have redness in their eyes for a variety of other reasons such as rubbing them, or getting an irritant in them. Pinkeye has both viral and bacteria causes. The bacterial cases of pinkeye tend to be worse as the eyes become more swollen and red. It is not uncommon for pinkeye to be accompanied by a fever. Pinkeye has no real serious affects. It usually lasts about a week and is contagious via direct contact with an infected person. The mother can take a number of small measures to help the baby combat pinkeye. Washing the outsides of his eyelids with a cotton ball and warm water helps clean away mucus. Be sure to wipe from the inside corner of the eye out to minimize the spread of infection to the other eye if only one is infected. Pinkeye is contagious so the mother must be careful to thoroughly wash her hands after treating the baby, and ensure that the baby has a personal face cloth that only he uses. A physician may recommend antibiotic eye drops or ointments to help bacterial infections. These treatments are ineffective for viral infections. If after having used the eye drops or ointment, the baby's condition does not appear to improve, medical help should be sought. Also, if the baby develops a fever, the mother may want to consult with his physician.
PneumoniaPneumonia will present itself as a rather bad cold. The baby will likely begin to cough and breathing difficulty will develop. Breathing may be fast and labored, and the baby may begin to wheeze. The baby may also appear pale, have a fever, be fussy, and may lose his appetite. Infants who have pneumonia are usually sick with an upper respiratory tract infection prior to contraction. When a viral infection attacks the lungs, the result is viral pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia can also occur but is less common, and can be cured by antibiotics unlike the viral strain. With prompt medical care, most infants fully recover from pneumonia. This is not to say, however, that pneumonia is harmless. It can be very dangerous. With viral pneumonia, antibiotics are useless. The mother is best advised to encourage the baby to rest as much as possible. Promoting fluid consumption is also very important. Cough medication does not tend to work for infants, and is actually detrimental to curing the infection because coughing is beneficial. Medical help should be sought if the baby gets a fever and it is not subsiding, or is in fact increasing.
ScabiesScabies develops as a rash, and in more severe cases, can be accompanied by blisters and bumps. The rash causes intense itching, particularly on the hands and feet, and delicate folds of skin. The rash is caused by small mites that burrow into the top layer of skin. Scabies is not serious, nor does it lead to other serious illnesses. The itching is however, quite severe and relentless. Scabies is spread through close physical contact or sharing clothes or bedding. If the baby gets scabies, the mother should carefully follow the recommended treatment of the baby's doctor.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)SIDS, also known as crib death, is not any one known disease or illness. It is the diagnosis when an apparently healthy infant dies suddenly and unexpectedly, and a cause cannot be found by investigators. There is no known cause for SIDS. There is a large body of research trying to determine what causes these deaths. Thus far a number of theories have taken claim as the most feasible. It appears as though SIDS is not the result of one condition, but is rather a number of factors that work together. The leading theory is that SIDS is an anatomical defect in the brain which affects either breathing of the way that blood flows. Related to this theory is another which believes SIDS victims have developmental delays which also affect breathing and blood flow. When infants who have these problems are faced with another challenge such as sleeping on their stomach - which causes them to breathe more carbon dioxide - they can die. All infants under the age of one are at risk of SIDS because the cause and relevant defects are not known. Thus, all mothers should take the necessary precautions. Some infants, however, have been shown to be more at risk than others. These include: - premature infants - infants born to mothers with little or no prenatal care - children around a parent of caregiver who smokes - infant who is born to a mother who smoked, drank, used drug or was under the age of 20 while pregnant - is placed down to sleep in a crib on their stomach SIDS is most common among infants between the ages of one and four months of age. 90% of SIDS deaths occur in children who are under the age of six months. SIDS most commonly strikes during sleep, but not always. There are a number of steps that the mother can take to reduce the chances that the baby will suffer SIDS: - put the baby to sleep on his back - do not smoke during pregnancy and do not allow anyone to smoke around the baby - choose bedding carefully - the baby should always sleep on a firm, flat mattress with no pillow, fluffy blanket, sheepskin, or comforter under him. Any blankets and bumpers should be thin, flat, and fastened securely to minimize the risk of covering the baby's head or face. Do not put stuffed toys or other soft materials in the baby's crib. Waterbeds, beanbags, and other soft surfaces are all unsafe for the baby to sleep on - take the baby for regular checkups - avoid overheating the baby - breastfeed the baby - research shows that breastfed infants are less likely to die of SIDS
SunburnSunburn can take several hours to develop after exposure to the suns ultraviolet rays. When sunburn does show, it should appear as tender, red, swollen, and sometimes blistered skin. The skin will also be hot to the touch. Infant skin is relatively thin and susceptible to sunburn in only 10-20 minutes of ultraviolet exposure. Even on cloudy days, infants are susceptible to sunburn with little exposure to ultraviolet rays that get through cloud cover. Sunburns come in degrees, just as burns from fires do. In the most severe form they can be dangerous. Infants can develop blisters, nausea, fever, chills, and heatstroke. The mother's best precaution is to keep the baby out of direct sun exposure particularly between the hours of 11am and 4pm, when the sun is at its strongest. Dressing the baby in a hat and using sunscreen when taking him out during this time of day is advantageous, too. Sunscreens with PABA should be avoided because some infants are likely to react negatively to it. All sunscreens used should also have an SPF of 15 or above. Sunburns should be treated by gently applying cool water compresses to the affected areas every few hours. Acetaminophen can be given to relieve pain and discomfort. Anesthetic lotions or sprays commonly applied to sunburns should not be used, as they can sting. If after being sunburned, the baby begins to blister or vomit, a physician should be contacted.
Swollen Glands (Lymph Nodes)Swollen glands (or lymph nodes) are common among infants. Infection causes the normally small and soft lymph nodes to swell and enlarge. After infections run their course and are gone, lymph nodes can stay swollen for months. Lymph nodes are collections of lymph tissue which help the body combat the spread of infections and prevent infections from entering the blood stream. Many infections cause the lymph nodes to swell as they do their job. The swollen lymph nodes are merely an indication of infection and are not a problem on their own. Swollen lymph nodes are not that serious. When they do swell they can be tender and sensitive, making contact with them slightly uncomfortable. Very rarely does a lymph node become infected and cause a problem. The only real danger is that the infection beats the lymph node and makes its way into the blood stream. Constantly swollen lymph nodes are often a sign of cancer (lymphoma or leukemia), but this is very rare in infants. Typically there is no treatment for swollen glands as it is not necessary. When lymph nodes do become swollen it is best to cease monitoring them. Poking them and continually checking them can only aggravate. If the baby's lymph nodes are swollen the mother should watch for other signs of illness, since swollen glands are a sign of infection. If other concerning symptoms are identified, the mother should take the baby to see a physician. Some of these concerning symptoms include: - lymph nodes that become larger than a nickel - swollen glands that rapidly enlarge or persist - red streaks begin to form around a lymph node - lymph nodes that are exceptionally tender and sensitive to the touch
TeethingThe baby may be miserable and uncomfortable when teething. Something solid to bite on, such as a rubber teething ring, should alleviate help alleviate the pain. The mother can also buy a soothing preparation to rub into the baby's gums. Medication is, however, not usually necessary. Infants typically get their first teeth when they are between the age of six and twelve months. Most infants tend to get their two bottom front teeth first, followed by their two front top teeth. By the time the baby is two years old he should have all 20 of his baby teeth. The most common sign of a new tooth is increased drooling, which should start a few days before a new tooth comes in.
ThrushThrush is most easily identified as white patches on the tongue and insides of cheeks that cannot be removed. Thrush is essentially an oral yeast infection. It most commonly occurs after an infant has had an infection or been on antibiotics, and their natural bacterial balance is off. In severe cases, thrush can be very painful. However, in the large majority of cases, it causes no discomfort or any other serious problems. The most common side effect is the development of diaper rash as yeast from infection travels through the digestive tract. Most cases of thrush are quite mild and will go away on their own. Other times, in more severe cases, physicians will prescribe various medications which help to fight the infection. With thrush there is no need to contact a doctor unless the baby seems ever more in pain or discomfort. Also, if thrush seems to be spreading to more of the mouth or the baby has obvious problems swallowing, medical help should be sought.
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection - ColdsColds can be caused by many different viruses and the baby can become infected with the same virus numerous times. On average colds last one to two weeks, but can on occasion last longer. If the baby has regular exposure to other children during his first year of life it can be expected that he will have between six and 10 colds during that period. Upper respiratory tract infections can affect either the nose or chest, or both. A congested nose and sneezing can signal a cold but can also be attributed to other factors such as allergens like smoke in the home. When the baby has a cold it may be accompanied by a fever and likely by a running nose. Nasal discharge should start off clear and then get progressively greener. As the cold begins to subside the discharge should return to a clearer color. The common cold is spread by contact with bodily fluids of infected persons (i. e. through sneezing or coughing into the air, or hand-to-hand contact). The mother can help prevent the baby from getting colds by washing her hands thoroughly; avoid taking the baby to public places that may have infected people; and avoid placing the baby in environments filled with cigarette smoke. Infants exposed to cigarette smoke have a higher incidence of respiratory infection and colds, with more prolonged symptoms. Fortunately, colds do not pose a serious health risk for infants. They are more of a bother than a danger. Having said this, colds should still be taken seriously. If the baby has a cold the mother must monitor his condition, watching carefully that it does not progress into a more dangerous illness. Greater respiratory problems can arise when colds go unmonitored. There are a number of signs the mother should watch for which signal a more severe condition: - prolonged or rising fever - lack of appetite - irritability - The baby is tugging or scratching his ears - Cough worsens - Restless, and has trouble sleeping There is no real cure for a cold since antibiotics are useless in fighting viral infections. The mother can do a great deal by keeping the baby hydrated; this helps to keep congestion looser. Vitamin C has been proven to be effective in preventing colds, so ensuring that the baby has an adequate vitamin C intake is important. Acetaminophen can be used to help alleviate cold related fevers and other discomforts. When the baby has a cold the mother should also encourage more frequent feedings. When infants are congested they tend to eat less, especially if they are suckling on breast or bottle. The use of a vaporizer of humidifier may help the baby particularly if the cold has entered his chest and coughing has been a problem. The mother should call a doctor if the baby demonstrates any of the following traits while he has a cold: - there is blood in his mucus - The baby will not take in fluids - Coughing is severe enough to keep the baby awake, and violent enough to make his complexion change when he coughs - The baby has difficulty breathing. His lips may appear blue if it is severe
VomitingFor many new parents it can be difficult to distinguish vomiting from the spitting up and regurgitation that is common among infants. Vomiting is a more forceful expulsion of large portions of stomach contents through the mouth and sometimes nose. Vomiting in infants is typically caused by the same viral infection that leads to diarrhea. Vomiting can, however, also be a sign of greater illnesses such as food poisoning or a stomach disorder. Generally speaking, vomiting should stop within 24 hours. Again, like diarrhea, the greatest danger of vomiting is dehydration. After the baby vomits, the mother should wait an hour to let his stomach settle, and then offer him liquids, such as water, in small amounts. Electrolyte solution designed for infants is also a good choice. Breastfed infants should have little or no trouble eating and digesting breast milk once their stomachs have settled. The key to hydration is giving liquids in small amount so as not to upset the baby's stomach again. If the baby has been vomiting, there are a number of signs that the mother should watch for in order to ensure he is not in danger. If these indicators are seen in the baby, the mother must contact a physician immediately: - Vomiting has been violent and prolonged - Vomiting has been persistent and accompanied by diarrhea - Vomiting has continued for more than 12 hours - Shows signs of dehydration such as dry mouth and crying without tears - Blood is present in the baby's stool and/or vomitus - The baby is lethargic and relatively inactive Whooping CoughWhooping cough resembles a mild upper respiratory tract infection. The difference is that a fever typically is not present, and the cough will get much worse throughout the first week. The cough will eventually build into long coughing outbreaks that will contain 10 to 30 forceful and abrupt coughs, some followed by a whoop sound as the baby inhales powerfully between coughs. Whooping cough is a highly contagious bacterial infection that affects the respiratory tract. It is transmitted through airborne droplets released by an infected persons sneeze or cough. The infection can have serious complications when in infants. These complications include: respiratory problems, ear infections, pneumonia, and weight loss. Medication does not cure the infection but it does help to limit the spread and contraction of others.
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